Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element in Group F in the periodic table (Table Mendeleev), has the symbol O and atomic number 8, and atomic weight 15.9994 for carbon 12C, Ghazi colorless, odorless and tasteless, and this element extremely uncommon, and there only on the ground but in the entire universe, and is often associated with other elements. Oxygen is associated with (and often called molecular oxygen, O2) there in the first place on the surface of the earth as an output operations metabolism of bacteria then Seen free oxygen in the atmosphere then in era geological and yet produces an abundance of plant, which produces oxygen through photosynthesis . And oxygen necessary for respiration and life rivaled in value and importance of any other element on the planet.

 AttributesIn conditions of heat and pressure standard, We have oxygen in the gaseous state oxygen consists of diatomic molecules form O2. O2 has two forms by energy: low-energy form, it is often Ahay Association Radikal two oxygen three, and with the highest energy form, the molecule dual Association monomeric oxygen. This dual nature of Radical attributed to the change in the chemical nature.Oxygen compound essential for conditioning, consists of plants during photosynthesis, which is important to breathe in organisms that rely on air breathing. Word was derived from oxygen Two Igriqitan words tog and dealing with acid, the Jinomay emitter. Tack choose this name because in the eighteenth century because it was thought that all acids contain oxygen. Definition DNA was then change that should not contain DNA molecular oxygen in combination.
Liquid oxygen and steel are light blue and both magnetic  (Para magnetic) forces. Is obtained liquid oxygen often partial distillation of liquefied air. Both ozone O3 solid and liquid has a dark blue color.Was discovered another form of oxygen which is rooted oxygen quartet (O4), a solid dark red in color and is obtained by the effect of pressure on oxygen O2 by 20 GPa. Been studied for use in rocket fuels and similar applications, an oxidizing substance stronger than O2 or O3.

 UsesOxygen is used frequently as an oxidizing, and there is no element is higher than in Electronegativity only fluorine. The liquid oxygen is used as an oxidizing in rocket propulsion. As a basic oxygen breathing processes, and therefore has an essential role in medicine. The mountaineers are using planes they have additional supplies of oxygen. The oxygen is also used in welding. In each of the steel industry and methanol.Oxygen from the elements that raise Abahjh, and so it is used in resorts until modern times. Also notes the presence of oxygen columns so far in concerts. In the nineteenth century were mixed with nitrous oxide to make a kind of types of painkillers, and quality are used these painkillers to now.

 Date oxygenA first test known about the relationship between the combustion air and conducted in the second century BC.. Greek writer in the science of mechanics, Philo of Bezntyum. In his book Pneumatica, noted Philo to heart and bowl over a candle burning and surround neck pot with water produces high some water to the neck. [1] has erred Philo in the conclusion that parts air in the container turned into a race classic fire and so was able to escape through the pores of the glass. After several centuries later, Brown Leonardo da ڤnche Philo work by noting that part of the air consumed during combustion and respiration. [2]Photosynthesis of water  to liberate O2 and CO2 and prove in sugarHe discovered oxygen world pharmacy Carl William Chile almost before in 1773, was not published his discovery by discovery independent of the world Joseph Priestley on August in 1774 and given to the gas name opposite Filogeston (see Filogeston. The Priestley published his works in 1775 and Chile in 1777, Usually takes Priestley attention to it the first deployment.And launched Antoine Gas Aڤoazeye Name oxygen in 1778. As mentioned above, the name is derived from two two words Igriqitin and Oxy sense taste or harmful acid and Jane and meaning what produces the thing (Mtcesp) and also produces the thing (reasoned). Lavoisier have chosen this linguistic derivation due to the prevailing belief at the time (especially after the discoveries of Priestley in 1775) that all acids contain oxygen, has corrected this belief after several rehearsals for the definition of acidic substances.

 PresenceO2 build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulatesMost commercially-produced O2 is used to smelt iron into steel.500 million years of climate change vs 18OOxygen is the second largest component of the atmosphere (20.947% by volume), which is more elements chemical abundance in the earth's crust (47% mass), which is 89% of the mass of the oceans, and 23% of the mass of the air; note that living material containing about 65% of water , and also interfere with the oxygen in the protein and lipid circles and sugars. And rocks only oxygen the Balseliciom united and metals (particularly aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium).

Maize
The energies Alchard (ionization) cascading the following: 13.61 E. - P (electron volts); 35.1 A - P; 54.8 A - P; 114.1 A - P; 137.8 A - P; 73,704 A - P; 839.5 A - P. The radius of corn 0.74 A (angstrom = 10-10 meters), and the radius of emerging O2-(anion) 1.40 A and equal electron affinity approval to be 52 - amount -7.28 E - P, with the oxygen takes shape 52 - in a number of oxides metal fused, and this also agrees reality Kahrlh electrolysis molten alumina Al2O3 in  basin NA3AlF6 fluorine CaF2, and starting oxygen at the anode due to unload a shipment of electrolytes 52 - on this elevator.

 Simple bodyConsists of oxygen in all cases physical of wording O2 molecules, and atoms can be found free by electric Alanfrag or by ultraviolet radiation wavelength of less than 1900 A. And by the stream of electric get drafted O3 molecules is that they belong to another type of chemical called ozone.The oxygen is an important component of the air where it is mixed with nitrogen, which is present day industrial liquidate the air and then distilled Tkotaira Tdzeia. Boiling oxygen in class -183.0 Q and melts in class -218.9 Q. It is a very little decay in the water when it is in its gaseous state under normal conditions of temperature and pressure, but the viability of its dissolution weak enough to allow for some of the phenomena fish Ktnevs or metal Alaútkal.Oxygen reacts with most simple objects and with quite a lot of vehicles, and it needs a large number of these interactions to raise heated to a temperature sufficient, and these interactions are often publisher of heat, is تتتابع maintaining high temperature (combustion severe). The bulk of the energy used by the industry today from the heat emitted from the combustion of cruel natural fuels (oil, coal or natural gas consisting mainly of methane).Give objects simple  with oxygen oxides, alkali metal and give a mixture of oxide and peroxide. And gives a lot of several elements oxides. And metal oxidation reactions of great importance, as they occur from normal temperature, and allows slow in this degree of heat starting temperature without an increase in degree. And starts gas-affected steel body (as in the affected piece of metal air Boxgen) formation of reaction products on the surface of the metal, and already the metal Itagty (excluding gold and platinum) with a thin layer of oxide when exposed to air-oxygen reaction. On the whole depends react quickly when a layer is connected, except in alkali metals or alkaline earth that are a size smaller than the size of the metal and son.With a water vapor and carbon product is made surface of Hdroxadat and Hdroxa carbonate fragile viable fragmentation, a few sticking metal allows relay influence and subvert metal piece Takrba slow (steel iron, verdigris copper); hence the interest of dress some metals vulnerable layer continuous metal last resists reaction atmosphere (Nickel chip).It is used in a number of broker Aloxdat Kalplatyn example in user interaction in the industry to obtain nitric acid
It turns current gas from ammonia and oxygen air presence of a network of platinum to monoxide nitrogen by at least 98%, then turns monoxide nitrogen, interaction with oxygen air in Standard Class of heat, to dioxide nitrogen NO2 which turns the presence of water to nitric .And are industrial oxidation of sulfur dioxide SO2 to sulfur trioxide Boxgen class air about 400 -450 Q existence and broker based on V2O5 and get sulfuric acid Bamahh tri-oxide. As you get Oxdat various industrial organic products (benzene to maleic without water, for example) using oxygen air presence of a mediator.The increase in the use of gases that industry increases the oxygen content of what is commonly found in the air, especially in the purification purifying iron.

 OxidesAre elements compounds with oxygen. In typical vehicles all the oxygen atoms linked directly atoms of other elements, and not linked to each other. And sometimes attributed to oxides compounds containing fractions atoms connected in series (peroxides, oxides Supreme and Alawzonidat).Model consists oxides oxidize oxygen Mini vehicles directly. Also prepared pyrolytic for Hdroxadat and carbonates, nitrates, sulfates approval, and other oxygen acids salts.To nominate take into account the number of oxides formed by oxides of one element, if that element with oxygen only one element oxide was invited as sodium oxide Na2O, and magnesium oxide MgO, and aluminum oxide Al2O3. If that element oxide Oksidin invited least Oxgina as «any metal oxide by adding subsequent 'j' to the name of the metal as copper oxide Cu2O, and invited the oxide most Oxgina as« metal oxide copper oxide CuO. The oxides where the Dzeaha contains two atoms of oxygen or three or more of each atom are called binary metal oxide or three binary oxide nitrogen oxide NO2, and chromium trioxide CrO3 and others. If the fact that several component oxides are called normally «Without hydroxide acids» anhydrides, which oxides react with water giving Hmaudha. Thus, for example be nitrogen oxides following: N2O nitrous oxide, NO nitrous oxide, N2O3 without water acid nitrogen, NO2 dioxide nitrogen, N2O5 without water acid nitrogen, sometimes called oxides according arranged growing first and second and third, the first nitrous oxide N2O, and dioxide nitrogen NO and so on.Typical oxides are divided according to its chemical behavior to the following models: basic oxides basic oxides and acidic oxides acidic oxides and oxides of fluctuating amphoteric oxides and oxides neutral neutral oxides.Basic Valokasid are those that react with water made up foundations, and interact with the amino composed salts and water, such as MgO, and acidic oxides dissolve in water composed Hmaudha. And interact with the bases composed of salts and water, such as SO2. And oxides Almzbzbh interact with acids and bases such as ZnO, the oxides not be neutral salts such as CO and NO.If we look at oxides elements the third round at the highest oxidized: Cl2O7, SO3, P2O5, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, Na2O3 we notice a change in the properties of chemical clearly shows when you go out of the oxide basic model (sodium oxide) to oxides acidic typical for [[ sulfur and chlorine. It may be noted that the change in the oxides of different element per degrees oxidized different, as in the following string example: MnO, Mn2O3, MnO2, MnO3, Mn2O7, noting gradual transition from oxide Statute of the manganese (II) to the oxide acid for manganese (VII).Marks the most oxides in nature, but the most prevalent is the hydrogen oxide (water) which is water ball, rocks composed of silicon dioxide SiO2, and some natural كأكاسيد iron oxides, aluminum and others. These rocks are a major source of obtaining minerals. The carbon dioxide CO2 play a key role in life, which is available in the atmosphere increased by 0.03%.Equal to the degree of oxidation of oxygen in the oxide-2, and superoxide -1 as above barium oxide BaO2, and oxides High -1 / 2 such as potassium oxide KO2, in Alawzonidat 1/3 Kozonidat potassium KO3.

 IsotopesWater (H2O) is the most familiar oxygen compound.Oxides, such as iron oxide or rust, Fe2O3, form when oxygen combines with other elements.Stahl helped develop and popularize the phlogiston theory.Oxygen three stable isotopes and 10 radioactive isotopes. Each isotope has a half-life of less than three minutes.

 PrecautionsCarl Wilhelm Scheele beat Priestley to the discovery but published afterwards.Antoine Lavoisier discredited the Phlogiston theory.Robert H. Goddard and a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocketOxygen can be toxic at high pressures molecular. There are also derivatives of oxygen, such as ozone (O3), unilateral oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, super oxides extremely toxic. The human body has developed a mechanism for the protection of these toxic substances. For example, natural glutathione acts as an antioxidant, is also working bilirubin which is a natural compound that is as Alheimujlpin. High concentrations of oxygen rapid Tsaa flammable and produces fire and explosion hazards when fuel. This also sees the oxygen compounds such as chlorates, Albert chlorate, my parents chromate. The materials that have a high oxidation effort cause burns.Acetone is an important feeder material in the chemical industry(Oxygen is in red, carbon in black and hydrogen in white).Oxygen represents more than 40% of the molecular mass of the ATP molecule.The fire that killed the Apollo 1 crew in the experience of the launch spread very quickly because pure oxygen at atmospheric pressure was Adja instead of one-third of the pressure which is used in all normal (see partial pressure).Derivatives oxygen free radicals easily, especially during metabolic processes. Because they can cause significant damage to cells and DNA er, is said to cause cancer and aging.

 UsesCommercial uses oxygen in the heat treatment of metals things like metal and parts and surface hardening, and in mining, aviation, submarines and other aquatic. Oxygen is used in the chemical industry in the preparation of synthetic liquid fuels, lubricants, and sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and methanol, ammonia, and nitrogen fertilizer, and metal oxides, and other products.

And liquid oxygen used in explosive business, jet engines, and in laboratory work. Also used bottled oxygen exchange in the cylinder to breathe at high altitude in space flight and swimming under water, in resuscitation and first aid.